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Principality of Hungary edit
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Principality of Hungary

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Principality of Hungary
Magyar Nagyfejedelemség (hu)
←
 
←
895 – 1000 →
Capital Not specified
Government Principality
Grand Prince Árpád (c. 895 - c. 907)
Zoltán (c. 907 - c. 947)
Fajsz (c. 947 - c. 955)
Taksony (c. 955 - c. 972)
Géza (972 - 997)
Stephen (997 - 1000)
Historical era Middle ages
 - Established 9th century the 9th century
 - ended at the coronation of
    Stephen I
25 December 1000
or 1 January 1001 1000

The Principality of Hungary1234567 or Duchy of Hungary89 (Hungarian: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség)10 was the first documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established 895 or 896,1112131415 following the 9th-century Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.

The Hungarians, a semi-nomadic people forming a tribal alliance13161718 led by Árpád, founded the Principality of Hungary at the very end of the 9th century.2 They arrived from Etelköz which was their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.19

In contemporary Byzantine sources, written in Greek, the territory of the Hungarian tribal alliance was also known as "Western Tourkia", because of its allegiance to the Khazar Khaganate.2021 The Hungarian historiography also calls the entire period from 896 to 1000 "the age of principality".14

The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of Saint Stephen I at Esztergom on Christmas Day 1000 (its alternative date is 1st January 1001).222324

Contents

History

History of Hungary

This article is part of a series
Prehistory
Hungary before the Hungarians
Hungarian prehistory
Early history
Roman Pannonia
Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin
Middle Ages (895–1541)
Principality of Hungary
(895–1000)
Medieval Kingdom of Hungary
(1000–1538)
Turkish Wars
(1366–1526)
Early Modern history
Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary
(1538–1867)
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
(1538–1570)
Ottoman Hungary
(1541–1699)
Principality of Transylvania
(1570–1711)
Late modern period
Rákóczi's War of Independence
(1703–1711)
Hungarian Revolution of 1848
(1848–1849)
Austria-Hungary
(1867–1918)
Lands of the Crown of
Saint Stephen
Hungary in World War I
Interwar period
(1918–41)
Kingdom of Hungary
(1920-1946)
World War II
Contemporary history
(1946 to present)
Republic of Hungary
(1946–49)
People's Republic
(1949–89)
Revolution of 1956
Republic of Hungary
(since 1989)
Topical
Church history
Military history
Music history
Jewish history
Székely people
Hungary Portal

Background

A detail of the Arrival of the Hungarians, Árpád Feszty's and his assistants' vast (1800 m2) cyclorama, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site in Hungary
Europe around 900
Main article: Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin

On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians (Magyars), around 895, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia (a vassal state of East Francia)25 ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarians had to have plenty of knowledge about this region because they were frequently hired as mercenaries by the surrounding polities and have led their own campaigns in this area since decades.26 The East Frankish vassal Balaton Principality in Transdanubia was subjugated during a Hungarian campaign to Italy around 899/900. Great Moravia was annihilated in 902 and its part, the former Principality of Nitra, became an elemental part of the Hungarian state. The southeastern parts of Carpathian Basin were under authority of the First Bulgarian Empire, however the Bulgarians lost their dominance due to the Hungarian conquest. The control of territory of Solitudo Avarorum (mostly northern part of Great Hungarian Plain) prior to the Hungarian settlement occupation where remains of the Avars lived has not been entirely clarified yet.

Military achievements

See also: Hungarian invasions of Europe

This area had been sparsely populated,327 since Charlemagne’s destruction of the Avar state in 803 and the Magyars (Hungarians) were able to move in virtually unopposed, peacefully.28 The freshly unified Hungarians led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895. This now highly-centralized and controlled principality,29 initially a warrior-state,1 with a new-found military force, conducted vigorous raids from Constantinople to as far away as central Spain and they were able to defeat no fewer than three major east Frankish armies between 907 and 910.30 The Hungarians managed to extend the official Bavarian-Hungarian border to River Enns (until 955),31 and the principality was not attacked from this direction for one hundred years after Battle of Pozsony.23 The periodic Hungarian campaigns lasted till 970, however two military defeats in 933 and 955 (Battle of Lechfeld) marked a shift in the evolution of the Hungarian principality.32

Transition

Principality of Hungary in 998 AD
First Hungarian coin, by Géza (970s)

The movement from a ranked chiefdom society to state society was one of the most important change during this time.33 In the first time, Magyars retained a semi-nomadic lifestye changing pastures between winter and summer, Hungarians would migrate between winter and summer dwelling-places along a river, finding water for their livestock.29 According to Györffy's theory34 from placenames, Árpád's winter quarters -clearly after his occupation of Pannonia in 900- were possibly in 'Árpádváros' (Árpád's town), now a district of Pécs, and his summer quarters -as confirmed by Anonymus- were in Csepel Island.29 Later, his new summer quarters were in Csallóköz29 in conformity with this theory, however the exact location of the early center of the state is disputed. According to Gyula Kristó the center was located between Danube and Tisza rivers,34 however the archeological findings expect the location at the region of Upper Tisza.34

Forced by changed economic circumstances, insufficient pasturage to support a nomad society and the impossibility of moving on,35 the semi-nomadic Hungarian lifestyle began to transform and they adopted settled life. Magyars ceased being semi-nomads and turned to agriculture.25 However the beginning of conversion of Hungarian society to agriculture can be dated back to the 8th century.6 The society began to show uniform image, the local Slavic and other populations merged with the Hungarians.35 The Hungarian tribal leaders and their clans established fortified centers in the country and later their castles became centers of the counties.28 The whole system of Hungarian villages grew up in the 10th century.29

Fajsz and Taksony, the Grand Princes of the Hungarians, began to reform the power structure.3637 They invited Christian missionaries for the first time and built forts.36 Taksony abolished the old center of the Hungarian principality (possibly at Upper Tisza) and sought a new one at Székesfehérvár37 and Esztergom.38 Taksony also renewed the old style military attendance, changed the weaponry of the army, implemented large-scale organized resettlements of the Hungarian population.37

Consolidation of Hungarian state began during the reign of Géza.39 After the battle of Arcadiopolis, the Byzantine Empire was the primary enemy for the Hungarians.40 The Byzantine expansion threatened the Hungarians, because the subjugated First Bulgarian Empire were in alliance with the Magyars at that time.40 The situation became more difficult for the principality when the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire made an alliance in 972.40 In 973, twelve illustrious Magyar envoys, whom probably Géza had assigned, participated in the Diet held by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Géza established close ties with the Bavarian court, inviting missionaries and marrying his son to Gisela, daughter of the Duke Henry II.35 Géza of the Árpád dynasty, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, who ruled only part of the united territory, the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes, intended to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe, rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social model. Géza's first-born son, Saint Stephen I became the first King of Hungary after defeating his uncle Koppány, who also claimed the throne. The unification of Hungary and the foundation of the Christian state41 and its transformation into an European feudal monarchy was accomplished by Stephen I of Hungary.

Christianization

Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary
Pannonhalma Archabbey, established by Géza

Hungary was emerged on the frontier of Christendom.35 From the second half of the 10th century, Christianity flourished as Catholic missionaries arrived from Germany. Between 945 and 963, the main office-holders of Principality (the Grand Prince (Taksony), the Gyula, and the Horka) were willing to christen.4243 In 973 Géza I and all his household were baptised, and a formal peace concluded with Emperor Otto I, however he remained essentially pagan even after his baptism.19 Due to Géza's fater, Taksony, Géza was educated to become a pagan prince.44 The first Hungarian Benedictine monastery was founded in 996 by Prince Géza. During Géza's reign, the nation conclusively renounced its nomadic way of life and within a few decades of the battle of Lechfeld became a Christian kingdom.19

Organization of the state

[icon] This section requires expansion.

Until 907 (or 904), the Hungarian state was controlled by joint rule (shaped from the Khazars). The kingship was divided between the sacral prince4546 Kende and the military leader Gyula. It is not known which of the two roles were assigned to Árpád and which to Kurszán. Possibly, after the Kende Kurszán's death, the principality changed its conformation and became a single-head principality led by Árpád. The Byzantine Constantine Porphyrogennetos called Árpád the "ho megas Tourkias archon" (the great prince of Tourkia),47 and all of the 10th century princes who ruled the country held this title.5 According to the Agnatic seniority the oldest members of the ruling clan inherited the principality. Likely, the Grand princes of Hungary did not possess superior power, because during the military campaigns to the west and to the south the initially strong48 princely power had diminished.47 Moreover, the records did not negotiate Grand Princes in the first half of the 10th century, except in one case, when they mention Taksony as 'king of Hungary' (Taxis-dux, dux Tocsun) in 947.47 The role of military leaders (Bulcsú, Lél) grew more significant.47 The princes of the Árpád dynasty bore Turkic names as the majority of the Hungarian tribes.14

Titles

  • Megas archon or Magnus princeps, the Grand Prince of Hungarians (first rank)47
  • Gyla or djila, Gyula, the military leader47 (second rank)47
  • Horca, Kharkhas, the judge49 (third rank)47
  • Kende, the sacral prince,45 (until 907 CE)

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hungary

There are different estimations about the size of the country's population in the 10th century. At the beginning of century the experts take the population size around 600,000 and they estimate 1,000,000-1,500,000 people by the end of the century.

See also

Portal icon Hungary portal

External links


References

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