| Sovereign state |
Predecessors |
| Albania |
Epirus 330 BC–167 BC
 Roman Republic (167–27 BC)
 Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Byzantine Empire (476–1190)
 Principality of Arbër (1190–1255)
Kingdom of Albania (1272–1368)
Princedom of Albania (1368–1444)
 League of Lezhë (1444–1479)
 Ottoman Empire (1479–1912)
 Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914)
 Principality of Albania (1914–1925)
 Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
 Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
 Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943)
 Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)
 Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
 People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
Socialist People's Republic of Albania (1976–1992)
 Republic of Albania (1992–present) |
| Andorra |
Roman Republic (100–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Kingdom of France (?–1278)
 Principality of Andorra (1278–present) |
| Armenia |
Ottoman Empire (1586–1828)
 Russian Empire (1828–1917)
 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
 Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Republic of Armenia (1991–present) |
| Austria |
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Archduchy of Austria (1156–1804) within the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
 Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
 Republic of Austria (1918–1938)
 Nazi Germany (1938–1945)
 Allied-occupied Austria (1945–1955)
Republic of Austria (1955–present) |
| Azerbaijan |
Russian Empire (1813–1917)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Republic of Azerbaijan1 (1991–present) |
| Belarus |
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th C.–1569)
 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793)
Russian Empire (1793–1917)
 Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Republic of Belarus (1991–present) |
| Belgium |
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Spain (1482–1713) but within the Holy Roman Empire
 Archduchy of Austria (1713–1797) within the Holy Roman Empire
 France (1797–1815)
 United Kingdom of the Netherlands
(1815–1830)
 Kingdom of Belgium (1830–present)
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
 Principality of Serbia (768–1217)
Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
 Serbian Empire (1346–1371)
 Kingdom of Bosnia (1371–1463)
Ottoman Empire (1463-1878)
Austria-Hungary (1878–1918)
 State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1943)
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943-1946)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1991)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina1 (1992–present) |
| Bulgaria |
First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)
Byzantine Empire (1018–1185)
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)
Ottoman Empire (1396–1878)
 Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908)
Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)
 People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
Republic of Bulgaria (1990–present) |
| Croatia |
 Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102)
 Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (1102-1804)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1943)
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943-1946)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1991)
 Republic of Croatia (1991–present) |
| Cyprus |
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Byzantine Empire (476–1190)
Ottoman Empire (?–1878)
 British Empire (1878–1960)
 Republic of Cyprus (1960–present) |
| Czechia |
Duchy of Bohemia (?–1198)
Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1804 (–1918)) within the Holy Roman Empire (?–1806)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
 Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1948 (–1992))
 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1990–1992)
 Czech Republic (1993–present) |
| Denmark |
 Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
 Kingdom of Denmark2 (c. 965–present) |
| Estonia |
Terra Mariana (1207–1561)
 Swedish Empire (1561–1721)
Russian Empire (1721–1918)
 Republic of Estonia (1918–present) |
| Finland |
Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
Swedish Empire (c. 1210–1809)
Russian Empire (1809–1917)
 Republic of Finland (1917–present) |
| France |
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Frankish Empire (481-800)
Carolingian Empire (800–843)
West Francia (843–987)
 Kingdom of France (987–1791)
 Kingdom of the French (1791–1792)
French Republic (1792–1804)
French Empire (1804–1814, 1815)
 Kingdom of France (1814–1815, 1815–1830)
Kingdom of the French (1830–1848)
French Republic (1848–1852)
French Empire (1852–1870)
French Republic (1870–1940)
French State (1940–1944)
French Republic3 (1944–present) |
| Georgia |
 Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (1762-1798)
Russian Empire (1801–1917)
 Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Georgia (1991–present) |
| Germany |
Carolingian Empire (800–843)
East Francia (843–919)
Kingdom of Germany (919-962)
 Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
 Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) &  Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871)
 German Confederation (1815–1866)
 North German Confederation (1866–1871)
 German Empire (1871–1918)
 Weimar Republic (1918–1933) &  Saar (1920–1935)
Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
 Flensburg Government (1945)
 Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)
 West Germany (1949–1990 (–present),  German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) &  Saar (1947–1956)
Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) |
| Greece |
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire (?–1830)
 Kingdom of Greece (1830–1967)
 Hellenic Republic (1967–present) |
| Hungary |
Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
 Hungarian Democratic Republic (1918-1919)
 Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919-1920)
 Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) (1920-1946)
 Republic of Hungary (1946-1949) (1946-1949)
 People's Republic of Hungary (1949-1989)]]
Republic of Hungary (1989–present) |
| Iceland |
Icelandic Free State (930–1262)
 Kingdom of Norway (1262–1814)
Danish Crown (1380–1944)
 Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
Denmark–Norway (1536–1814)
Kingdom of Denmark (1814–1918)
 Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944)
 Iceland (1944–present) |
| Ireland |
 Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651)
 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659)
Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
 Irish Free State (1922–1937)
Ireland (1937–present) |
| Italy |
Roman Kingdom
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
the Italian peninsula divided into many states c. 400–1861, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire
 Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
 Italian Republic (1946–present) |
| Kazakhstan |
Russian Empire (1735/1860–1919)
 Soviet Russia (1919–1922)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Republic of Kazakhstan1 (1991–present) |
| Latvia |
Terra Mariana (1207–1583)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1583–1611)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth & Swedish Empire (1611–1721)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth & Russian Empire (1721–1772)
Russian Empire (1772–1918)
 Republic of Latvia (1918–present) |
| Liechtenstein |
German Confederation (?–1866)
 Principality of Liechtenstein (1866–present) |
| Lithuania |
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th C.–1569)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Russian Empire (1795–1918)
 Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
 Republic of Lithuania (1918–present) |
| Luxembourg |
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1890)
 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890–present) |
| Macedonia |
Byzantine Empire (?–1346),  Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1346), Principality of Serbia (768-1217) & Kingdom of Serbia (1217-1346)
Serbian Empire (1346-1371)
 Kingdom of Prilep (1371-1395)
Ottoman Empire (1395-1913)
 Kingdom of Serbia (1913-1918)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1943)
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943-1946)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1991)
 Republic of Macedonia (1991–present) |
| Malta |
 State of the Knights of Malta (1530–1798)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1800/1814–1964)
 Republic of Malta (1964–present) |
| Moldova |
Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire (?–1812)
Russian Empire (1812–1918)
 Kingdom of Romania (1918–1945)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1945–1991)
 Republic of Moldova (1991–present) |
| Monaco |
 Republic of Genoa (?–1297)
 Principality of Monaco (1297–present) |
| Montenegro |
Principality of Serbia (768-1217)
Kingdom of Serbia (1217-1346)
Serbian Empire (1346-1371)
 Principality of Zeta (1371-1402)
 Serbian Despotate (1402-1540)
Ottoman Empire (1540-1852)
 Principality of Montenegro (1852-1910)
 Kingdom of Montenegro (1910-1918)
Kingdom of Serbia (1918)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1943)
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943-1946)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1992)
 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)
 State Union of Serbia and Montenegro4 (2003–2006)
 Montenegro5 (2006–present) |
| Netherlands |
Frankish Kingdom (5th to 10th century), Frisian Kingdom (600-734), Duchy of (Lower) Lorraine (903–1190) &  County of Holland (880-1384)
 Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482)
 Seventeen Provinces (1482–1581)
 Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795)
 Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)
First French Empire (1810–1813)
 United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–present) |
| Norway |
 Hereditary Kingdom of Norway (?–1397)
Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
 Denmark–Norway (1536-1814)
 Norway (1814)
 Union between Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)
 Kingdom of Norway (1905–present) |
| Poland |
Poland in the Early Middle Ages (?–1025)
 Kingdom of the Piasts (1025–1385)
 Kingdom of the Jagiellons (1385–1569)
 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Austria-Hungary,  Prussia and the Russian Empire (1795–1918)
Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)
 Republic of Poland (1918–present) |
| Portugal |
 County of Portucale, within the Kingdom of León (868–1139)
 Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910)
 Portuguese Republic (1910–present) |
| Romania |
Ottoman Empire (?–1859)
 Romanian United Principalities (1859-1881)
Kingdom of Romania (1881-1947)
 People's Republic of Romania
 Socialist Republic of Romania
Romania (1862–present) |
| Russia |
Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547)
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
Russian Empire (1721-1917)
Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Russian Federation (1991–present) |
| San Marino |
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Republic of San Marino (301–present) |
| Serbia |
Serbian Sklavinia(520s-768)
Principality of Serbia (768-1217)
Kingdom of Serbia (1217-1346)
Serbian Empire (1346-1371)
 Moravian Serbia (1371-1402)
Serbian Despotate (1402-1540)
Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) 1718–1739 and 1788-1791
Ottoman Empire (1540-1817)
 Principality of Serbia (1817-1882)
Kingdom of Serbia (1882-1918)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1943)
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943-1946)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1992)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro4 (2003–2006)
 Republic of Serbia (2006–present) |
| Slovakia |
Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1948 (–1992)
 Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1918–) 1948–1992)
 Slovak Republic (1993–present) |
| Slovenia |
Holy Roman Empire (955–1806)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1943)
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943-1946)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1991)
 Republic of Slovenia (1991–present) |
| Spain |
 Crown of Aragon &  Crown of Castile (?–1716)
 Kingdom of Spain (1716–1873)
 Spanish Republic (1873-1874)
Kingdom of Spain (1873-1931)
 Spanish Republic (1931-1939)
Kingdom of Spain (1939-present) |
| Sweden |
Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
Kingdom of Sweden (c. 1210–present) |
| Switzerland |
Holy Roman Empire (?–1291)
Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798)
 Helvetic Republic (1798–1803)
 Swiss Confederation (1803–present) |
| Turkey |
Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
 Republic of Turkey (1923–present) |
| Ukraine |
Tsardom of Russia (1654–1721)
Russian Empire (1721-1917)
 Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1921)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Ukraine (1991–present) |
| United Kingdom |
 Caledonia
Hibernia
Roman Empire (AD 43–410)
Kingdom of Cantwara, Kingdom of Cornwall, Dál Riata, Kingdom of East Anglia, Kingdom of Mercia, Kingdom of Northumbria, Pictland, Kingdom of Strathclyde, Ulster, Principality of Wales & Kingdom of Wessex
 Kingdom of Scotland (843–1651),  Kingdom of England (927–1649) &  Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541)
Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of England & Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651)
 Commonwealth of England (1649–1653)
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659)
Commonwealth of England (1659–1660)
Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800), Kingdom of Scotland (1659–1707) & Kingdom of England (1660–1707)
Kingdom of Ireland &  Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present) |
| Vatican City |
Roman Empire
Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533)
Byzantine Empire (533–?)
 Papal States
(728–1870) & Roman Republic (1798-1799)
Papal States
(728–1870) & Roman Republic (1849)
Kingdom of Italy (1870–1929)
 State of the Vatican City (1929–present)
|
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