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List of endangered languages in Europe edit
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List of endangered languages in Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of endangered languages in Europe

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An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language.

UNESCO distinguishes four levels of endangerment in languages, based on intergenerational transfer:1

Vulnerable: Most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home).
Definitely endangered: Children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home.
Severely endangered: Language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves.
Critically endangered: The youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently.


Language Countries Speakers Status Ethnologue
(ISO 639-3)		 Comments Ref
Abkhaz language2 Georgia, Russian Federation, Turkey   Vulnerable abk    
Alemannic German2 Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland   Vulnerable gsw
swg
wae		    
Algherese dialect2 Italy   Definitely endangered cat Catalan  
Alpine Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine dialect2 France, Italy   Definitely endangered oci Alpine Provençal  
Aragonese language2 Spain   Definitely endangered arg  
Arbanasi language2 Croatia   Severely endangered none Dialect of Gheg Albaniancitation needed  
Arbëresh language2 Italy   Definitely endangered aae    
Aromanian language2 Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia   Definitely endangered rup    
Arvanitika language2 Greece   Severely endangered aat    
Leonese language2 Spain, Portugal   Definitely endangered ast
ext
mwl		 Asturian language
Extremaduran language
Mirandese language		  
Auvergnat dialect2 France   Severely endangered oci    
Banat Bulgarian language2 Romania, Serbia   Definitely endangered bul    
Basque language2 Spain, France   Vulnerable eus    
Bats language2 Georgia   Severely endangered bbl    
Bavarian language2 Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Czech Republic   Vulnerable bar    
Belarusian language2 Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russian Federation, Ukraine   Vulnerable bel    
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic2 Georgia, Russian Federation   Severely endangered bhn    
Breton language2 France   Severely endangered bre    
Budukh language2 Azerbaijan   Severely endangered bdk    
Burgenland Croatian2 Austria, Hungary, Slovakia   Definitely endangered bos
hrv
srp		    
Burgundian language2 France   Severely endangered fra    
Campidanese Sardinian2 Italy   Definitely endangered sro Macro-dialect of the Sardinian language  
Cappadocian Greek language, Cappadocian Greek2 Greece   Critically endangered cpg    
Champenois dialect2 Belgium, France   Severely endangered fra    
Cimbrian language2 Italy   Definitely endangered cim    
Judeo-Italian languages2 Greece 200 Critically endangered itk Corfiot Italkian  
Cornish language2 United Kingdom   Critically endangered cor    
Corsican language2 France, Italy   Definitely endangered cos    
Crimean Tatar language (Crimea)2 Ukraine   Severely endangered crh
jct		  
Crimean Tatar language (Dobruja)2 Bulgaria, Romania   Severely endangered crh
jct		  
Crimean Tatar language2 Ukraine   Severely endangered none Crimean Turkish language  
Csángó dialect2 Romania   Severely endangered hun Csángó Hungarian, Csango; dialect of Hungarian  
Cypriot Maronite Arabic2 Cyprus   Severely endangered acy    
Dalecarlian dialects2 Sweden   Definitely endangered swe    
East Franconian German2 Germany, Czech Republic   Vulnerable vmf    
Tunumiit language2 Greenland   Definitely endangered kal Tunumiit oraasiat, known as Tunumiisut in Greenlandic and also as East Greenlandic in English.  
Slovak language (Eastern Slovak)2 Slovakia, Ukraine   Vulnerable slk    
Emilian-Romagnolo2 Italy, San Marino   Definitely endangered eml    
Faetar dialect2 Italy 70 Definitely endangered frp Franco-Provençal language  
Faroese language2 Faroe Islands   Vulnerable fao    
Franc-Comtois language2 France, Switzerland   Severely endangered fra    
Franco-Provençal language2 France, Italy, Switzerland   Definitely endangered frp Francoprovençal, Arpitan, Romand  
Friulan language2 Italy   Definitely endangered fur Friulian  
Gagauz language (Bessarabia)2 Moldova, Ukraine   Definitely endangered bgx
gag		    
Gagauz language (Deli Orman)2 Bulgaria   Critically endangered bgx
gag		    
Gagauz language (Maritime)2 Bulgaria, Romania   Severely endangered bgx
gag		    
Gagauz language (South Balkans)2 Greece, Macedonia, Turkey   Severely endangered bgx
gag		  
Gallo language2 France   Severely endangered fra    
Gallo-Italic of Sicily2 Italy   Definitely endangered lmo Gallo-Sicilian  
Gallurese language2 Italy   Definitely endangered sdn    
Gardiol dialect, Gardiol2 Italy   Severely endangered none Vivaro-Alpine dialect  
Gascon language, Gascon2 Spain, France   Definitely endangered oci    
Gottscheerish2 Slovenia   Critically endangered none Granish  
Griko language (Calabria) 2 Italy   Severely endangered ell    
Griko language (Salento)2 Italy   Severely endangered ell    
Guernésiais2 United Kingdom   Severely endangered fra Also known as Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French, and Guernsey Norman French  
Modern Gutnish2 Sweden 5,000 Definitely endangered swe    
Hértevin language2 Turkey   Critically endangered hrt    
Homshetsi dialect (Caucasus)2 Georgia, Russian Federation   Severely endangered hye Homshetsma  
Homshetsi dialect (Turkey)2 Turkey   Definitely endangered hye Homshetsma  
Inari Saami language2 Finland 300 (all of them elders, with the exception of 6) Severely endangered smn    
Irish language2 Ireland, United Kingdom   Definitely endangered gle    
Istriot language2 Croatia   Severely endangered ist    
Istro-Romanian language2 Croatia ~137 (2001) - 1000 Severely endangered ruo    
Jèrriais2 United Kingdom   Severely endangered fra Jersey French  
Judaeo-Spanish (Europe) 2 Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Turkey, Serbia   Severely endangered lad Judezmo  
Juhuri language (Caucasus) 2 Azerbaijan, Russian Federation   Definitely endangered jdt Judeo-Tat, Juhur  
Karaim language (Lithuania) 2 Crimea, Lithuania, 100 (2005) 50 in Lithuania. Severely endangered kdr    
Karaim language (Western Ukraine) 2 Ukraine   Critically endangered kdr    
Karelian language (Karelia) 2 Finland, Russian Federation   Definitely endangered krl    
Kashubian language2 Poland 53,000 (2002) Severely endangered csb Cassubian Polish 2002 Census
Khinalug language2 Azerbaijan   Severely endangered kjj    
Kryts language2 Azerbaijan   Severely endangered kry Kryz  
Ladin language2 Italy   Definitely endangered lld    
Languedocien dialect2 France   Severely endangered oci Languedocian  
Latgalian language2 Latvia, Russian Federation   Vulnerable lav    
Laz language2 Georgia, Turkey   Definitely endangered lzz    
Lezgian language2 Azerbaijan, Russian Federation   Vulnerable lez    
Ligurian2 France, Italy, Monaco   Definitely endangered lij    
Limburgian-Ripuarian language, Limburgian-Ripuarian2 Germany, Belgium, Netherlands   Vulnerable ksh
lim		 Kölsch language, Limburgish language  
Limousin dialect, Limousin2 France   Severely endangered oci    
Livonian language, Livonian2 Latvia   Critically endangered liv    
Logudorese Sardinian2 Italy   Definitely endangered src Macro-dialect of the Sardinian language  
Lombard language, Lombard2 Italy, Switzerland   Definitely endangered lmo    
Lorrain dialect, Lorrain2 Belgium, France   Severely endangered fra    
West Low German2 Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation   Vulnerable act
drt
frs
gos
nds
sdz
stl
twd
vel
wep		 Low Saxon  
Lule Saami language2 Norway, Sweden   Severely endangered smj    
Manx language, Manx2 United Kingdom   Critically endangered glv    
Mariupolitan Greek language, Mariupolitan Greek2 Ukraine   Severely endangered ell    
Megleno-Romanian language2 Greece, Macedonia   Severely endangered ruq    
Mingrelian language2 Georgia   Definitely endangered xmf Megrelian  
Mócheno language2 Italy   Definitely endangered mhn Mócheno language  
Molise Croatian dialect2 Italy   Severely endangered bos
hrv
srp		    
Moselle Franconian dialects2 Germany, Belgium, France, Luxembourg   Vulnerable ltz    
Nogay language (Crimea)2 Ukraine   Severely endangered nog    
Nogay language(Dobruja)2 Romania   Severely endangered nog    
Norman language, Norman2 France   Severely endangered nrn    
North Frisian language2 Germany 10,000 (2001) Severely endangered frr    
Inuktun language, North Greenlandic2 Greenland   Definitely endangered ike North Greenlandic  
North Saami language2 Finland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden   Definitely endangered sme    
Livvi-Karelian language2 Finland, Russian Federation   Definitely endangered olo Olonetsian  
Ossetic language, Ossete2 Georgia, Russian Federation   Vulnerable oss Ossete  
Picard language2 Belgium, France   Severely endangered pcd    
Piedmontese language2 Italy   Definitely endangered pms    
Pite Saami language, Pite Saami2 Norway, Sweden 20 in Sweden (2000 T. Salminen) 2,000 in Sweden (1995 M Krauss) Critically endangered sje    
Plautdietsch language, Plautdietsch2 Ukraine   Definitely endangered pdt    
Poitevin-Saintongeais2 France   Severely endangered fra    
Polesian language, Polesian2 Belarus, Poland, Ukraine   Vulnerable none    
Pontic Greek2 Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine   Definitely endangered pnt    
Provençal dialect2 France   Severely endangered oci    
Resian dialect2 Italy   Definitely endangered slv    
Palatinate German2 Germany, France   Vulnerable pfl   Pfaelzisch, Rhenish Franconian dialects
Romani language, Romani2 Albania, Germany, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro   Definitely endangered rmc
rmf
rml
rmn
rmo
rmw
rmy		 Romany, Gypsy, Gipsy  
Romansh language2 Switzerland   Definitely endangered roh    
Rusyn language2 Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine   Vulnerable rue    
Rutul language2 Azerbaijan, Russian Federation   Definitely endangered rut    
Sassarese language2 Italy   Definitely endangered sdc    
Saterland Frisian language2 Germany 5,000 (2001) Severely endangered stq    
Scanian dialects2 Denmark, Sweden   Vulnerable swe    
Scots language2 United Kingdom   Vulnerable sco    
Scottish Gaelic2 United Kingdom   Definitely endangered gla    
Sicilian language, Sicilian2 Italy   Vulnerable scn Siculu or Calabro-Sicilian  
Skolt Saami language2 Finland, Norway, Russian Federation   Severely endangered sms    
Sorbian languages2 Germany   Definitely endangered dsb
hsb		    
Southern Italian2 Italy   Vulnerable nap South Italian, Napoletano-Calabrese  
South Jutlandic2 Germany, Denmark   Definitely endangered jut South Jutish  
Southern Sami language2 Norway, Sweden   Severely endangered sma South Saami  
Neo-Aramaic languages2 Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey   Definitely endangered aii
cld		 Suret  
Svan language2 Georgia   Definitely endangered sva    
Talysh language2 Azerbaijan, Iran   Vulnerable tly    
Tat language (Caucasus)2 Azerbaijan   Severely endangered ttt    
Walser German2 Italy   Severely endangered gsw
swg
wae		 Töitschu  
Torlakian dialect2 Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia   Vulnerable bos
hrv
srp		    
Transylvanian Saxon dialect2 Romania   Severely endangered none    
Tsakhur language, Tsakhur2 Azerbaijan, Russian Federation   Definitely endangered tkr    
Tsakonian language, Tsakonian2 Greece   Critically endangered tsd    
Udi language (Azerbaijan) 2 Azerbaijan   Severely endangered udi    
Udi language (Georgia) 2 Georgia   Severely endangered udi    
Ume Saami language2 Sweden 20 (2000 T Salminen) 1,000 (1995 M Krauss) Critically endangered sju    
Urum language, Urum2 Georgia, Russian Federation, Ukraine   Definitely endangered uum    
Venetian language2 Croatia, Italy, Slovenia   Vulnerable vec Venetan  
Vilamovian language2 Poland 70 Severely endangered wym Wilamowicean  
Pannonian Rusyn language2 Croatia, Serbia   Definitely endangered none Vojvodina Rusyn  
Võro-Seto dialect2 Estonia, Russian Federation   Definitely endangered est Vôru (Werro), Seto (Setu); dialect of Estonian language  
Walloon language2 Belgium, France, Luxembourg   Definitely endangered wln    
Welsh language2 United Kingdom   Vulnerable cym    
West Flemish2 Belgium, France, Netherlands   Vulnerable vls
zea		    
West Frisian language2 Netherlands   Vulnerable fry    
Greenlandic language2 Greenland   Vulnerable kal West Greenlandic  
Western Armenian language (Turkey)2 Turkey   Definitely endangered hye    
Yiddish language (Europe) 2 Germany, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Ukraine   Definitely endangered ydd    
Zazaki language2 Turkey   Vulnerable zza    

See also

Portal icon Europe portal
Portal icon Languages portal

References

  1. ^ Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php


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